INTRODUCTION
Praise to God
all praise belongs
to Allah SWT. Which has provided a healthy favor
and had the grace
and blessings we could
finish the paper that had the title “NATIONAL ARMY
INDONESIA ( TNI )”
I would
like to thank all my friends who
have been taking part in the making of this
paper is to finish eating,
and also to
all those who helped in the completion of this paper.
For the perfection of
this paper, we expect
criticism and suggestions from
readers as we only
human who make mistakes. Hopefully this paper
for dear readers.
Pamekasan 05 December
2012
Author
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover Paper ........................................................................................................................ i
Introduction ........................................................................................................................ ii
Table
Of Contents
.............................................................................................................. iii
CHAPTER
I Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
A. Background ............................................................................................................ 1
B. Problem
Formulation .............................................................................................. 1
C. Destination ............................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER II Discussion ................................................................................................... 2
A.
History
Of The Army Indonesia ............................................................................ 2
B. Task Forces Indonesia
............................................................................................ 3
C. The
establishment of military ................................................................................. 3
D. Devotion
TNI ......................................................................................................... 4
E.
A TNI Identity ....................................................................................................... 5
F. Kinds of military
.................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER III Closing ...................................................................................................... 11
Knot .............................................................................................................................. 11
References .......................................................................................................................... 12
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Indonesia
at the beginning of the country did not have a unified army.
People's Security Agency established
in the trial PPKI dated August 22, 1945 and
promulgated by the President on August 23, 1945 is not the
army as an official military organization.
BKR
both at central and regional levels
under the authority KNIP and KNI area and not under the
president as commander in chief orders
army. BKR is also
not under the coordination of the
Minister of Defense. BKR only prepared to maintain
local security in order not to give the impression that Indonesia is preparing to go to war to
face the Allies.
Finally,
through the Government Notice dated October 5,
1945 (to this day is celebrated
as the birthday of the TNI),
BKR transformed into People's Security Army (TKR). On January 7, 1946, the
People's Security Army was
renamed the People's Salvation
Army. Then on January
24, 1946, changed again to the Army
of the Republic of Indonesia.
Army
of the Republic of Indonesia, on May 5, 1947, the President issued a decree to unify the Army of the Republic of Indonesia to the ranks
of the armed into the Indonesian National Army (TNI). The unification took place and was inaugurated on June
3, 1947.
B. Problem
Formulation
1. How
history of the birth
of the Indonesian National
Army?
2. How many
kinds of
Indonesian National Army
soldiers?
C. Destination
In
the
manufacture of
this paper
aims to find out
a little
more about the
Indonesian National Armed
Forces
ranging
from
the birth of
Indonesia
to
a variety of
the
Indonesian National Army.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. History
Of The Army Indonesia
Beginning of the
military establishment can not be separated from the context of the Indonesian
people's struggle against the invaders. As we know Indonesia suffered
colonialism for more than three and a half centuries, which ended with the long
struggle of the Indonesian people to gain independence from the hands of
invaders.
Before
independence, the people of Indonesia suffered misery in the Japanese occupation
for three and a half years, during which time PETA and HEIHO established by the Japanese. The
struggle for independence during the period is still sporadic, although done in
almost all parts of Indonesia and organizations in the form of resistance-army
paramilitary struggle. After the independence of the Republic of Indonesia on August eighteen nineteen forty-five, pursuant to Decree
PPKI on August eighteen nineteen forty-five
established the People's Security Agency (BKR), which consists of the former
Dutch East Indies and Japanese soldiers, among others PETA and HEIHO and derived from the people, the
youth ranks, Hezbollah , Sabilillah and Pioneers. Integrate well with that
army-paramilitary and army students scattered in various regions, either already
or not acquire military training, all of which are collected in BKR.
Along with
development of the organization's needs and improve the organization conducted
BKR. The refinement step is restructuring to support the professionalism and
accommodate the potential power struggle. BKR transformed into People's
Security Army (TKR) were changed again to the People's Salvation Army (TKR) by
Presidential Decree dated five October nineteen forty-five.
TKR later became the Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI). On three June nineteen forty-seven TRI changed to the
Indonesian military (TNI). A decision PPKI and Presidential Decree at the time,
it can be concluded that the actual military organization was actually born out
of a decision by civilian authorities.
Development, on
June twenty-one, nineteen sixty-two, the military changed to
the Indonesian Armed Forces (ABRI). Armed Forces consist of the Army, Navy, Air
Force and Police of the Republic of Indonesia. In the reform era, which in 2000
turned into a military armed forces returned after the issuance of MPR Decree.
VI/MPR/2000 About Separation of the Indonesian National Army and Police of the
Republic of Indonesia. Then, as the mandate of the Law. three of two thousand two on National Defiance made
Law. thirty-four of two thousand four which regulates the TNI.
B. Task
Forces
Indonesia
In
accordance TNI
Law Article
7. The first paragraph,
the key task
is to uphold
the sovereignty of
the state
military,
defend
the territorial integrity of
the Unitary Republic of
Indonesia based on Pancasila
and
the Constitution forty-five,
and
protect all the people
and
the entire country of
Indonesia
from threats and harassment
against the
integrity of the nation
and the state
.
The second
paragraph , The principal tasks
referred to in
paragraph
one
is done by:
1. Military operations
for
war
2. Military operations
other than war,
namely
to:
a. Cope with
armed separatist
movements
b. Overcome
an armed uprising
c. Tackle
terrorism
d. Secure the
border
e. Securing
vital
national
strategic
f. The task
of world peace
according to
foreign policy
g. Securing
the President
and Vice
President
and their families
h. Empower
the defense
and strength
according to
supporters
early
defense system
i.
assist
the governments
in the region
j.
assist
the Indonesian National Police
in order to
security and public order
duties
set out in
the legislation
k. help
secure the
country
level
are
heads of state
and representatives of
foreign governments
who were in
Indonesia
l.
help
cope with
natural disasters,
refugee,
and
humanitarian assistance
m. help the search
and rescue
in an accident
(English:
search
and rescue)
n. assist
the government in the
shipping and aviation
security
against piracy,
piracy, and
smuggling.
Then the
third
verse
reads
"The
provisions referred to in paragraph
two
implemented
by
state
policy and political decisions."
C.
The establishment of military
TNI led to the creation in the early independence of Indonesia starting from the incorporation of the armed forces from the leaders of armed fighters, both from the results of Japanese education (MAP), Dutch (KNIL), as well as those coming from the camp of the people. The results of this merger produces an institution called the People's Security Agency (BKR), were then successively renamed the People's Security Army (TKR), the People's Salvation Army (TKR), Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI) and the Indonesian National Army (TNI) .
During the New
Order, the Indonesian military (TNI) is mixed with the Indonesian National
Police (INP). This merger formed a board with
the name of the Indonesian Armed Forces (ABRI). According to MPR Decree.
VI/MPR/2000 re-use the name of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) after a
separation of roles between the military and police.
Since
its inception, the military face a variety of tasks in order to uphold state
sovereignty, defend the territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of
Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
in 1945, as well as protect all the people and the entire country of Indonesia
from threats and harassment against the integrity of the nation and the state .
D.
Devotion TNI
TNI devotion to
the state can be seen in the history of the struggle.
1. Maintaining
independence
Soon after the Declaration of Independence August seventeenth, nineteen forty-five Indonesia faced Allied Nations / Dutch tried to re-colonize Indonesia. Arrival back Allied / Dutch Opposition military force with the people. Resistance raises the fighting everywhere, such as in Semarang (nineteen forty-five), Ambarawa (nineteen forty-five), Surabaya (nineteen forty-five), Bandung Sea of Fire (nineteen forty-six), Medan Area (nineteen forty-six), Palembang (emapt nineteen twenty-seven), Margarana (nineteen forty-six), Manado (nineteen forty-six), Sanga-Sanga (nineteen forty-seven), the Dutch Military Aggression I (nineteen forty-seven), the Dutch Military Aggression II (nineteen forty-eight), and the General Offensive March one, nineteen forty-nine.
In
the face of the Dutch Military Aggression II, although the Government of
Indonesia, who was based in Yogyakarta has been surrendered, the Great General
Sudirman continue the struggle, that is by the guerrilla because sticking to
the principle of the interests of the state and nation.
As
a result of the resistance of the Indonesian nation was finally able to
maintain the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of
Indonesia on December 27, 1949. The struggle was successful thanks to the
strong confidence, unyielding spirit, selflessly fought with a determination to
independence or death.
2. Maintain
the integrity of the nation and the state
TNI
and the people carrying out operations such domestic crackdown on PKI Movement
in Madison in nineteen forty-eight and thirty-September nineteen sixty-five, the revolt DI / TII in West Java, Aceh, South
Sulawesi, the PRRI in West Sumatra, Permesta in Manado, South Sulawesi Muzakar
Kahar, PGRS / Paraku in West Kalimantan, Republic of South Maluku in Ambon,
Aceh GPLHT, Ganda Board in South Sumatra, and OPM in Irian. The fight was held
in the interest of saving the nation and state, and hold fast to the principles
for the sake of the integrity of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.
Security
operations carried out against state activities such as elections, General
Assembly / Assembly Special Session, and safeguards against communal conflict.
Operations security is based on the interests of the state and the nation,
saving our nation and state.
E. A TNI Identity
As per Article Two of Law TNI, Indonesian National Armed
Forces identity is:
1. People's Army is an army whose
members come from citizens of Indonesia
2. Warrior Soldiers are soldiers who
fought to uphold the Republic of Indonesia and knows no surrender in
implementing and completing tasks.
3. National Army soldiers of the
Indonesian nation is serving the interests of the country above the interests
of regional, ethnic, racial, and religious groups.
4. Professional soldiers are soldiers
who are trained, educated, well-equipped, not practical politics, not business,
and guaranteed well-being, and to follow state policy that adheres to the
principles of democracy, civilian supremacy, human rights, national legislation
and international law ratified
F.
Kinds
of military
1. Army
Army is part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces responsible for land operations and is headed by a Chief of Staff of the Army, which is currently held by General Pramono Edhie Wibowo.
Army is part of the Indonesian National Armed Forces responsible for land operations and is headed by a Chief of Staff of the Army, which is currently held by General Pramono Edhie Wibowo.
a.
Task Army
1)
The principal tasks
As part of the military, the Army is the fundamental duty to uphold state
sovereignty, defend the territorial integrity of the Unitary Republic of
Indonesia based on Pancasila and the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia
Year nineteen forty-five, as well as protect all the people and the entire
country of Indonesia from threats and harassment against national unity and
state.
2)
Tasks
a)
Military duty ground forces, the defense field,
namely by conducting Military Operations To War (OMP) and Military Operations
In addition to War (OMSP).
b)
Military duty in maintaining the security of land
borders with other countries: that is to make every effort, work, and
activities to ensure the enforcement of state sovereignty, territorial
integrity, and safety of the nation in the land borders with other countries
and in the outer islands / remote from all forms of threats and violations.
c)
Military task force in the construction and
development of terrestrial dimension, to make every effort, work, and
activities to achieve the appearance of an army posture alignment strengths,
abilities, and his strength and completion of Army reserve component and
component support ground forces, national defense .
d) 4. Implementing empowerment zone
defense on the ground by organizing the planning, development, deployment, and
control of the defense for the country's defense interests in the land in
accordance with the Defence System of the Universe (Sishanta) through
territorial development is to:
1.
Assist national governments to prepare potential
aspect of the defense force that prepared the ground early, which covers the
area of defense and its sustaining power,
to carry out military operations for the War, whose implementation is based on
the interest of the state in accordance with Sishanta.
2.
Helping government military training compulsory for citizens in accordance with the legislation.
3. Helping
government empower people as the supporting force.
2. Navy
Navy
is part
of the
Indonesian
National Armed Forces
responsible for
naval operations,
headed by a
Chief of Staff of
the Navy.
Strength of
the Navy
is currently
divided into
two
fleets,
the Western Fleet
headquartered in
Tanjung
Priok,
Jakarta
and the
Eastern Fleet
headquartered in
Tanjung
Perak,
Surabaya,
and the
Marine
Military
Traffic
Command
( KOLINLAMIL
). It also
oversees
the Marine Corps.
Navy
and
Army personnel
resources
educated and trained
in the
AAL,
Kobangdikal,
and
Seskoal.
1) A brief history of
the Navy
History
of the Navy began on ten September nineteen
forty-five,
after the early proclamation of Indonesia's independence, early administration
of Indonesia established the People's Marine Security Agency (BKR Sea). Sea BKR
spearheaded by veteran Indonesian sailors who served in the ranks of the
Koninklijke Marine (Royal Netherlands Navy) in the Dutch colonial period and
Kaigun during the Japanese occupation.
The formation of
the Indonesian military
organization
known as the
People's Security Army
(TKR)
helped
spur
the
further
existence of
TKR
Sea
known as
the Indonesian
Navy
(Navy),
with all the
power and
ability.
Several
naval base
formed
relics
ships
Bureau of
Shipping
Japan
deceived,
and
his bodyguard
were
recruited
personnel
to
meet the demands of
the task
as a
marine
guard
the
newly formed
Republic.
Not dampen the
strength
of simple
to
deploy
Navy
Cross
Marine
Operations
in order to
spread the news
of the proclamation
and
preparing
the armed forces
in various
places in
Indonesia.
Besides,
they
also
breach
the naval blockade
Dutch
shipping
in order to
get help
from abroad.
During
the nineteen
forty-nine
-
nineteen
fifty-nine
Navy had perfected strength and enhance its capabilities. In the field of
organization formed Fleet Navy, Marine Corps, who was known as the Corps
Commander Navy (Marines-AL), Naval Air and Maritime Area Command as a command
of the sea aspects of territorial defense.
In
the 1990s the Navy to get additional power in the form of warship types Parchim
class corvette, the landing ship tank (LST) class 'Frosch', and Mine Sweeper
Kondor class. The addition of this power is still considered far from the needs
and demands of the task, the more so in this multidimensional crisis that
demands increased support operations but gains limited. Internal reform of the
TNI a big impact on the demands of the task of sharpening the Navy in the field
of defense and security at sea such as reorganization and validation Fleet
arranged in flotila-flotila warships according to the similarity function and
organization of the Marine Corps expansion with the establishment of the
division-level units of Marine Forces -I level in Surabaya and Jakarta Brigade
stand alone.
2) Navy Task
As per Law
No. thirty-four Year two
thousand
four on TNI Article 9, in charge of the
Navy:
a) Sea forces military duty in defense;
b) Enforcing the law and maintaining
security in the sea area of national jurisdiction in accordance with national
laws and ratified international laws.
c) Navy task diplomacy in support of
foreign policy set by the government.
d) Military task force in the
construction and development of the sea forces.
e) Implement empowerment sea defense
area.
3. Air Force
Air
Force (TNI-AU)
is part of the
Indonesian
National Armed Forces
in charge of
air operations
and
is headed by a
Chief of Staff of
the Air
Force
KASAU
abbreviated.
Currently
the Air Force
has two
operational command
the
Air Force
Operations Command
I (Koops
AU
I),
based in Halim
Perdanakusuma
airport,
Jakarta
and
Air Force
Operations Command
II
(Koops
AU
II)
based in Makassar.
Air Force motto is Sanskrit Bhuwana Forced Swa means "Guardian Wing My Fatherland".
Air Force motto is Sanskrit Bhuwana Forced Swa means "Guardian Wing My Fatherland".
1) A Brief History of
the Air Force
Air Force was born with the establishment of the People's
Security Agency (BKR) on the date twenty-three August nineteen forty-five, in
order to strengthen the Air Fleet at that needy aircraft and other facilities.
on the fifth of October nineteen forty-five turns into People's Security Army
(TKR) flight department under Air Commodore Soerjadi Soerjadarma.
On the twenty-third January nineteen forty-five TKR increased
again to TRI, as a continuation of the development of the Air Force shoots. On
the ninth of April sebilan twelve four-six, TRI aviation department was
abolished and replaced by the Indonesian Air Force, which is now celebrated as
the birth of the Air Force that was unveiled in conjunction with the
establishment of the Indonesian National Army (TNI).
On July twenty-ninth nineteen four seven three cadet pilots
the Air Force Cadets Mulyono respectively, Cadets and Cadet Sutarjo Suharnoko
Harbani Sigit using two planes and one Guntei Cureng successfully bombed the
Dutch fortifications in three places, each one in the city of Semarang,
Salatiga, and Ambarawa.
The initial capital is the Air Force planes captured from
Japanese forces such as the type Cureng, Nishikoren and Hayabusha. Planes is
what is the origin of the establishment of the Air Force. After the decision of
the Round Table Conference in nineteen ninety four, the Air Force received
several Dutch Air Force assets include aircraft, hangars, depot maintenance,
and other logistics depot. Several types of aircraft acquired Dutch among other
C-four seven Dakota, B-two-five-Mitchell, P-five one Mustang, AT-six
Harvard-five PBY Catalina, and Lockheed L-twelve.
Nineteen fifty years, the Air Force sends pilots sixty
candidates to California United States, the education flying at Trans Ocean
Airlines Oakland Airport (Taloa). At
that time, the Air Force received aircraft from the Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe, such as the MiG-seventeen, nineteen-MiG, MiG-twenty-one, a light bomber
Tupolev Tu-two, and hunters Lavochkin La-eleven. The planes took part in
Operation Trikora and Dwikora.
Air Force suffered under high national popularity led by
KASAU Second Vice Marshal Omar Dhani TNI early nineteen sixty. Air Force to
update its fleet in early nineteen eighty with the arrival of the OV-ten
Bronco, A-four Sky Hawk, F-five Tiger, F-sixteen Fighting Falcon, and Hawk
hundred / two hundred.
2) Task Force
In
accordance with the Law on the TNI chapter ten, the Air Force assigned:
a) Carry out military air force in the
defense;
b) Enforcing the law and maintaining
security in the airspace of national jurisdiction in accordance with national
laws and ratified international laws;
c) Carry out military tasks in the
construction and development of the power of air force, as well as
d) Implement empowerment area air
defense.
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
CLOSING
Knot
Indonesian National Army (TNI or
commonly abbreviated) is the name of the armed forces of Indonesia. At the beginning of the People's Security Army was
formed named (TKR) later renamed the Army of the Republic of Indonesia (TRI),
and then changed again its name to what it is today.
Indonesian National Army (TNI) of the
three armed forces, the Army, Navy, and Air Force. TNI led by a military
commander, while each class is led by a Chief of Staff. TNI Commander Admiral
Agus is Suhartono.
Historically, the TNI had merged with
the police. This combination is called ABRI
(Indonesian Armed Forces) which uses the slogan "Chess Dharma Eka
Karma" abbreviated "CADEK". Appropriate number VI MPR / MPR /
separation of two thousand military and police as well as MPR number VII / MPR
/ two thousand on the Role of the TNI and the police role on September two
thousand thirty four TNI bill approved by the House of Representatives who
signed next by President Megawati on the nineteenth October two thousand and
four.
Over the
reform era in Indonesia, the TNI had significant internal reform process. Among
these are changes in the doctrine of "Chess" to "Tri" after
the separation of the police from the military. Based on the Decree of the TNI
commander Kep number / twenty one / I / two thousand and seven, on the twelfth
of January two thousand and seven, military doctrine is set to "Tri Dharma
Eka Karma", abbreviated "TRIDEK".
Two
thousand and twelve, the number of military personnel is as much as four
hundred and seventy-six thousand personnel.
REFERENCES
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